Many species of birds throughout the world use tree hollows for nesting and protection. Birds build nests in a cavity in a hollow tree to avoid ground predators.
Only old, mature trees have hollows. Openings range from as small as 2 centimetres (almost one inch) to as large as 75 centimetres (29 inches). The depth ranges from 10 centimetres (4 inches) to several metres.
Medium-sized hollows are useful for parrots and larger-sized hollows are useful for owls.
What is an exudate?
An exudate is any fluid exuding from (coming out of) a body, plant, or animal.
Gum, sap, latex, and resin from trees are called exudates (because these fluids exude from the bark of a tree).
What is a coastal forest?
A coastal forest is an area of trees and plants along the coastline, or shoreline, of a country or island.
A coastal forest is an area of biological importance and biodiversity, accommodating birds and animals of many species in an area known as an ecoregion or a micro-climate.
What is a montane ecosystem?
A montane ecosystem is a mountain area between the lower timberline (lower tree line) and the timberline (tree line), with soil temperatures approximately between 6-12 degrees Celsius (43-54 Fahrenheit).
In the montane region, there can be dense forests and high winds. There are different forest types, depending on the location in the world.
Temperate montane forests occur in Europe (e.g. the Alps, Carpathians, and the Caucasus Mountains), North America (e.g. Cascade Range and Appalachians), South America, New Zealand, and Himalaya.